The questionnaire submitted to the company is below, partially pre-filled on the base on the information collected by the OpenCorporation staff.
SOLVAY SA did not fill the questionnaire.
Registry
1. Business name
SOLVAY SA
2. Report submitted by the company management or trade union / employee representatives
No
3. Role in TNC
- KeyRole - Chairman
- KeyRole - CEO
- KeyRole - Human Resources
- KeyRole - CSR
- KeyRole - Industrial relations
- KeyRole - Communication Public Relations
4. Global Ultimate Ownership (GUO)
SOLVAY SA
5. Country (GUO)
Belgium
6. Parent company
PUBLIC SOLVAC SA
7. Legal form
- Limited liability company with share capital divided into units
- Limited liability company
- Listed liability company with share capital divided into units
8. Is it an SE (Societas Europaea)?
No
9. LEI (Legal Entity Identifier)
549300MMVL80RTBP3O28
10. BVD Code
BE0403091220
11. National ID
0403.091.220
12. Trade Register Number
0403.091.220
13. VAT
0403.091.220
14. European VAT
-
15. Legal residence
Belgium
16. Number of shareholders
2
17. Information on major shareholders
PUBLIC SOLVAC SA
18. Number of subsidiaries
328
19. City
BRUSSELS
20. Country
Belgium
21. Website
www.solvay.com
22. ISO Country code
BE
23. Main stock exchange of reference
Euronext Brussels
24. ISIN number
BE0003470755
25. Ticker symbol
SOLB
26. Declarations and treaties recognised by the country where it has its registered office
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Yes
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
Yes
Charter of Fundamental Rights of CDFL Workers (Strasbourg Charter 1989)
Yes
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union EU CFR (Nice Charter 2000)
Yes
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union TFEU
Yes
Registered office in an OECD country
Yes
ILO C029 - Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)
Yes
ILO C087 - Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87)
Yes
ILO C098 - Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)
Yes
ILO C100 - Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100)
Yes
ILO C105 - Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)
Yes
ILO C111 - Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111)
Yes
ILO C138 - Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)
Yes
ILO C182 - Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)
Yes
Governance
27. Number of members of the Board of Directors (BoD)
-
28. Number of independent directors in the BoD
-
29. Number of women in the BoD
-
30. Duality of the CEO (Chief Executive Officer)
-
31. How is Governance composed?
- Doesn't answer
- Board of Directors
- Board of Directors and supervisory board
- Board of directors plus supervisory board with presence of workers
- Board of Directors plus Board of Statutory Auditors
- Board of directors plus audit with external professionals
32. Total remuneration of the CEO
341.000
33. Compensatory remuneration of CEO
250.000
34. Date of remuneration
2017/12/31
35. Is the CEO's remuneration also linked to the environmental and social dimension?
-
36. Management
Current number of Directors and Managers
-
Name of the current Chief Executive Officer
Mr Nicolas Jacques Etienne Marie G Boel
Gender
M
Date of birth
1962
Country
Belgium
Professional profile of the Chief Executive Officer
President du Conseil d'administration
Sanctions to the Chief Executive Officer
-
Number of companies where the CEO has a role
17
Sector Employment
37. Economic activities
Primary NACE code
2120
Description of primary NACE code
Manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations
Secondary NACE code
2016
Description of secondary NACE code
Manufacture of plastics in primary forms
Brief description of activity
The company is engaged in the manufacture of chemicals and plastics in Belgium. It has its registered office located in Brussel, Belgium. It was founded in 1863 by Ernest Solvay. The company offers a broad range of products that contribute to improving quality of life and its customers' performance in markets such as consumer goods, construction, automotive, energy, water and environment and electronics. It produces soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, fluorinated products, disinfectants, chlorine, caustic soda, salt, specialty polymers, vinyls, polyvinyl chloride, fuel systems, and pipes and fittings. The company's subsidiaries include SOLVAY Chemicals, the world's largest producer of soda ash, hydrogen peroxide and sodium bicarbonate; SOLVAY Plastics, the leading world producer of specialty polymers and vinyls; and SOLVAY Rhodia, a world leader in the development and production of specialty chemicals.
38. Employed by country (last year)
Austria-Total employed
-
Belgium - Total employed
-
Bulgaria-Total employed
-
Cyprus-Total employed
-
Croatia-Total employed
-
Denmark-Total employed
-
Estonia-Total employed
-
Finland-Total employed
-
France-Total employed
-
Germany-Total employed
-
Greece-Total employed
-
Ireland-Total employed
-
Italy-Total employed
-
Latvia-Total employed
-
Lithuania-Total employed
-
Luxembourg-total employed
-
Malta-Total employed
-
Netherlands-Total employed
-
Poland-total employed
-
Portugal-Total employed
-
United Kingdom-Total employed
-
Czech Republic - Total employed
-
Romania-Total employed
-
Slovakia-Total employed
-
Slovenia-Total employed
-
Spain-Total employed
-
Sweden-Total employed
-
Hungary-Total employed
-
39. Global employment
Workers [2017]
24459
Workers [2016]
27030
Workers [2015]
30900
Workers [2014]
29207
40. Female employment world (in % of total world)
Workers (t)
-
Workers (t-1)
-
Workers (t-2)
-
Workers (t-3)
-
Social Dialogue
41. With respect to GUFs you have experiences of practices of:
Social dialogue
-
Rights of information and consultation of employees or their representatives
-
Employee participation
-
GFA Global Framework Agreement
-
42. Compared to ETUFs you have experiences of practices:
Social dialogue
-
Rights of information and consultation of employees or their representatives
-
Employee participation
-
Collective bargaining
-
43. Are there any restrictions on trade union freedom in the country where the company has its registered office?
No
44. Which directives are applied in the company offices in EU 27?
Directive 80/987/EEC
Yes
Directive 89/391/EEC
Yes
Directive 98/59/EC
Yes
Directive 2000/43/EC
Yes
Directive 2000/78/EC
Yes
Directive 2001/23/EC
Yes
Council Directive 2001/86/EC
Yes
Directive 2002/14/EC
Yes
Directive 2002/73/EC
Yes
Council Directive 2003/72/EC
Yes
Directive 2005/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
Yes
Directive 2009/38/EC
Yes
Directive 2004/25/EC
Yes
Directive 2011/35/EU
Yes
45. Is the Company a member of an employers' organisation?
-
46. Collective agreements applied
Global agreement (GFA)
Yes
Transnational agreements (TNCAs)
Yes
Transnational agreements by sector (e.g. Bangladesh Accord) or by company (e.g. Global works councils)
No
Agreement to set up the EWC or a representative body in the case of Societas Europaea
Yes
Joint statements
-
Collective labour agreement in all countries in which it operates
-
Company or supplementary collective labour agreement
-
47. In case of an agreement establishing Cae or a representative body in case of Societas Europaea (SE)
The text of the Agreement shall be made public
Yes
The Agreement was signed by a European Federation (ETUF) or affiliates
-
48. Insert Link to CAE Agreement if available
49. In the case of Transnational Agreements
The text of the Agreement shall be made public
-
The Agreement was signed by a World Trade Union Federation (GUFs) or affiliates
-
50. What information and consultation bodies exist in EU 27?
National information and consultation bodies under Directive 2002/14
Yes, in all company sites
National trade union information and consultation bodies under Directive 2002/14
Yes, in all company sites
Workers' health and safety representative within the meaning of Directive 89/391
Yes, in all company sites
Workers' representatives within the meaning of Directives 98/59 on collective redundancies and 2001/23 on the transfer of undertakings
Yes, in all company sites
Social Responsibility
51. Apply GRI Global Reporting Initiative Standards
- Non-response
- No
- Yes, GRI - G4
- Yes, GRI standards
- Citing_GRI
52. Please indicate here the link to the database on GRI Reporting
53. Publish your Social Responsibility Report
Yes
54. Publish the Integrated Report
Yes
55. Applied ISO standards
ISO 9000 - Quality Management (from 9001 to 9004)
-
ISO 14000 - Environmental Management
-
ISO 26000 - Social responsibility
Yes
ISO 50001 - Energy Management
-
ISO 22000 - Food safety management
-
ISO 20121 - Sustainable events
-
ISO 37001 - Anti-bribery management systems
-
ISO 45001 - Occupational health and safety
-
ISO 20400 - Sustainable Procurement
-
56. Other applied standards
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
-
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
-
MCERTS (Environment Agency's Monitoring Certification Scheme)
-
Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP)
Yes
57. Social certifications and other CSR standards applied
SA8000 Social Accountability
No
ILO Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy
-
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
Yes
OECD Principles for Corporate Governance
-
58. Global Compact
-
59. SDGs (Social Development Goals)
Yes
60. Do you apply Directive 95/2014 on the disclosure of non-financial information?
-
61. If you adopt OECD guidelines, have you submitted applications to the national contact points?
-
62. If you do not adopt the GRI standards but have prepared a social report, what are the topics regulated?
Transparency
Yes
Relations with suppliers
Yes
Relations with staff
Yes
Relations with the public
Yes
Reducing environmental risks
Yes
Moral and sexual harassment
Yes
63. If you do not adopt the GRI standards but have prepared a social report, which actors/stakeholders are involved?
Trade union organisations
-
Local government
-
Consumer associations
-
Workers' representatives
-
NGO
-
Civil society representatives
-
64. CSR/ESG policies are also applied to:
Domestic transactions
Yes
International transactions
Yes
Supply chain and outsourcing
Yes
Distribution
-
Franchising
-
After sales assistance
-
65. What are the tools used to verify compliance with CSR/ESG policies along the supply chain?
- Non-response
- None
- External Audit
- Internal control
66. Do you adopt or promote whistleblowing practices?
Yes
67. If so, which ones?
-
68. Participation in rankings
- Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations
- Global CSR RepTrak 100
- BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable US Brands
- The World's Best Multinational Workplaces
- The Gartner Supply Chain Top 25
- The World's Most Innovative Companies
- The DiversityInc Top 50 Companies
- Best Global Websites
- Green Ranking Global Top 500
- Green Ranking Global Top 100
69. RepRisk indicators
RepRisk indicator (last month)
24
Peak RepRisk Indicator (Last 2 years)
33
% RepRisk Environment
52
% Social RepRisk
44
RepRisk Governance %
4
Job Conditions
70. Do you have a training policy?
Yes
71. Average number of training/employing hours in last year
-
72. Skills management and lifelong learning programmes for the ongoing employability of employees
Yes, in all company sites
73. You have a policy to protect the right to health and safety in the workplace where the company operates
Yes, in all company sites
74. You have a policy to protect the right to health and safety in the workplace in the supply chain
Yes
75. Total number of accidents (latest available year)
-
76. Number of fatalities (latest available year)
-
77. Assessment of psychosocial risks and work-related stress
Yes, in all company sites
78. Recognition of business benefits
Supplementary pension plans
-
Health/additional health
-
Insurance for employees and families
-
Training and support for mobility
-
Hourly/work flexibility
-
Loans/loan repayments
-
Equal opportunities
-
Parental support
-
Reconciling life and work
-
Possibility of bringing children to work in case of need
-
Grant/Refund for registration at the Fitness Centres/Open Sports Facilities
-
Contribution to transport costs incurred by employees
-
Incentive for non-polluting means of transport
-
Corporate Car
-
PC/laptop/telephone
-
Measures to combat poverty or social exclusion
-
Welfare extended to the territory
-
Finance
79. Advertising of the financial statements/consolidated
-
80. If so, with what level of detail?
- Non-response
- Reclassification item
- Reclassification detail
- Detail detailing financial investments and participations
81. Check, supplement or supply quantitative data on (data in euro, thousands)
Total assets [2017]
21.451.000
Total assets [2016]
24.145.000
Total assets [2015]
25.329.000
Total assets [2014]
17.894.000
Equity capital [2017]
9.752.000
Equity capital [2016]
9.957.000
Equity capital [2015]
9.668.000
Equity capital [2014]
6.778.000
Revenues (Net Sales) [2017]
11.928.000
Revenues (Net Sales) [2016]
12.297.000
Revenues (Net Sales) [2015]
10.083.000
Revenues (Net Sales) [2014]
10.629.000
Cost of production [2017]
6.857.000
Cost of production [2016]
6.196.000
Cost of production [2015]
6.729.000
Cost of production [2014]
7.429.000
labour costs [2017]
2.275.000
labour costs [2016]
2.238.000
labour costs [2015]
2.041.000
labour costs [2014]
1.990.000
Other operating expenses [2017]
4.598.000
Other operating expenses [2016]
5.646.000
Other operating expenses [2015]
2.663.000
Other operating expenses [2014]
2.278.000
Gross profit [2017]
5.890.000
Gross profit [2016]
6.665.000
Gross profit [2015]
3.354.000
Gross profit [2014]
3.236.000
R&D Research & Development [2017]
290.000
R&D Research & Development [2016]
284.000
R&D Research & Development [2015]
271.000
R&D Research & Development [2014]
247.000
Cash Flow [2017]
2.270.000
Cash Flow [2016]
1.905.000
Cash Flow [2015]
1.340.000
Cash Flow [2014]
831.000
Added value [2017]
4.731.000
Added value [2016]
4.517.000
Added value [2015]
3.507.000
Added value [2014]
3.086.000
Gross operating margin (Ebitda) [2017]
2.446.000
Gross operating margin (Ebitda) [2016]
2.250.000
Gross operating margin (Ebitda) [2015]
1.577.000
Gross operating margin (Ebitda) [2014]
1.709.000
Amortization, depreciation and write-downs [2017]
1.154.000
Amortization, depreciation and write-downs [2016]
1.231.000
Amortization, depreciation and write-downs [2015]
886.000
Amortization, depreciation and write-downs [2014]
751.000
Operating result (EBIT) [2017]
1.292.000
Operating result (EBIT) [2016]
1.019.000
Operating result (EBIT) [2015]
691.000
Operating result (EBIT) [2014]
958.000
Interests [2017]
317.000
Interests [2016]
394.000
Interests [2015]
108.000
Interests [2014]
181.000
extraordinary items [2017]
-
extraordinary items [2016]
-
extraordinary items [2015]
-
extraordinary items [2014]
-179.000
Pre-tax result [2017]
985.000
Pre-tax result [2016]
654.000
Pre-tax result [2015]
472.000
Pre-tax result [2014]
343.000
Taxes [2017]
-131.000
Taxes [2016]
-20.000
Taxes [2015]
18.000
Taxes [2014]
84.000
Fiinancial P/L [2017]
-307.000
Fiinancial P/L [2016]
-365.000
Fiinancial P/L [2015]
-219.000
Fiinancial P/L [2014]
-615.000
Financial revenue [2017]
15.000
Financial revenue [2016]
18.000
Financial revenue [2015]
9.000
Financial revenue [2014]
36.000
Financial expenses [2017]
322.000
Financial expenses [2016]
383.000
Financial expenses [2015]
228.000
Financial expenses [2014]
651.000
Net income (Net Income) [2017]
1.116.000
Net income (Net Income) [2016]
674.000
Net income (Net Income) [2015]
454.000
Net income (Net Income) [2014]
259.000
82. On which criteria the financial investment policy is based
- Doesn't answer
- Assessment based on performance only
- Risk-based assessment
- Assessment based on an internal responsibility code
- Assessment based on parameters of social and environmental impact
- Assessment with certification of ethical rating agencies
83. Adoption of tax optimisation actions
- Doesn't answer
- None
- Allocation of profits generated by companies to the jurisdiction with the lowest tax rate
- Transfer pricing regulation (as provided for in the OECD guidelines)
- Unbound on deductibility of payments made to a country with facilitated taxation
- Non-imposition of withholding tax on transfers of money to countries with facilitated taxation
- Non-introduction of exit taxation from tax havens, to be applied when liquidity is transferred from a country with facilitated taxation to highly taxed countries
- Promotion of voluntary disclosure initiatives to highlight assets held in countries with reduced taxation
84. Charity actions/activities/initiatives
-
85. If yes, enter URLs or list the target activitys/associations
-
86. Financial indicators
Profit per employee (th) [2017]
40,271
Profit per employee (th) [2016]
24,195
Profit per employee (th) [2015]
15,275
Profit per employee (th) [2014]
11,744
Operating revenue per employee (th) [2017]
521,158
Operating revenue per employee (th) [2016]
475,805
Operating revenue per employee (th) [2015]
326,311
Operating revenue per employee (th) [2014]
365,152
Costs of employees / Operating revenue (%) [2017]
17.847
Costs of employees / Operating revenue (%) [2016]
17.401
Costs of employees / Operating revenue (%) [2015]
20.242
Costs of employees / Operating revenue (%) [2014]
18.659
Average cost of employee (th) [2017]
93,013
Average cost of employee (th) [2016]
82,797
Average cost of employee (th) [2015]
66,052
Average cost of employee (th) [2014]
68,134
Shareholders' funds for employees (th) [2017]
398,708
Shareholders' funds for employees (th) [2016]
368,368
Shareholders' funds for employees (th) [2015]
312,88
Shareholders' funds for employees (th) [2014]
232,068
Working capital for employees (th) [2017]
66,887
Working capital for employees (th) [2016]
64,595
Working capital for employees (th) [2015]
62,233
Working capital for employees (th) [2014]
47,146
Total assets per employee (th) [2017]
877,019
Total assets per employee (th) [2016]
893,267
Total assets per employee (th) [2015]
819,709
Total assets per employee (th) [2014]
612,661
ROE using P/L before tax (%) [2017]
10.1
ROE using P/L before tax (%) [2016]
6.568
ROE using P/L before tax (%) [2015]
4.882
ROE using P/L before tax (%) [2014]
5.06
ROCE using P/L before tax (%) [2017]
7.516
ROCE using P/L before tax (%) [2016]
5.474
ROCE using P/L before tax (%) [2015]
2.762
ROCE using P/L before tax (%) [2014]
4.073
ROA using P/L before tax (%) [2017]
4.592
ROA using P/L before tax (%) [2016]
2.709
ROA using P/L before tax (%) [2015]
1.863
ROA using P/L before tax (%) [2014]
1.917
ROE using Net income (%) [2017]
11.444
ROE using Net income (%) [2016]
6.769
ROE using Net income (%) [2015]
4.696
ROE using Net income (%) [2014]
1.18
ROCE using Net income (%) [2017]
8.272
ROCE using Net income (%) [2016]
5.579
ROCE using Net income (%) [2015]
2.676
ROCE using Net income (%) [2014]
2.029
ROA using Net income (%) [2017]
5.203
ROA using Net income (%) [2016]
2.791
ROA using Net income (%) [2015]
1.792
ROA using Net income (%) [2014]
0.447
Diversity
87. Do you have a diversity policy in place?
Yes
88. Have measures been taken to support the maternity and parenthood of workers?
Company nurseries
-
Playroom inside the company
-
Agreements with kindergartens/libraries in the vicinity of the company
-
Summer centres
-
Financial contributions for home and/or day-care babysitters
-
Reversible part time
-
Teleworking
-
Work at home
-
Time bank
-
Flexible time in or out
-
Flexibility on shifts
-
Concentrated timetable
-
Employment support upon return from maternity leave or parental leave
-
Training for reintegration after maternity or parental leave
-
89. Has the gender budget been adopted?
-
90. What specific measures should be taken to promote female employment and career development?
Training courses for the acquisition of specific skills intended solely for female workers
-
Training initiatives in sectors and levels where women are underrepresented
-
Encouraging applications from women for senior posts
-
Change in work organisation to facilitate the reconciliation of living and working time
-
Preference in recruitment of the candidate in case of equal merit with the male candidate
-
Monitoring of recruitment and career advancement of women
Yes, in all company sites
Study of the situations, levels and sectors in which pay differentials occur
Yes, in all company sites
Training courses/seminars on equality and equal opportunities for managers and employees
-
91. Bodies/Committees for Equal Opportunities in the Company
-
92. If Yes, with an expense budget funded by the employer?
-
93. What measures should be taken to include workers with a difference of racial or ethnic origin and/or for the promotion of religious beliefs?
Change in work organisation
-
Granting of permits
-
Flexible time in or out
-
Flexibility on shifts
-
Concentrated timetable
-
94. Use of child labour
No
95. Measures to combat child labour
Not contracted with suppliers using child labor
-
Involves third party entities to monitor the phenomenon
-
Requires its suppliers to terminate their contractual relationships with any subcontractors who use child labor
-
Termination of contractual relationships with suppliers using subcontractors employing minors
-
96. Spreading a culture of differences and human rights
Training Courses/Internal Company Seminars
-
Funding of participation in training courses/seminars
-
Promotion and/or support of awareness campaigns
-
97. Judicial sentences in cases of discrimination and/or harassment in the last 5 years?
Discrimination/gender harassment or sexual orientation
No
Discrimination/harassment by age or disability
-
Discrimination/harassment by race or ethnic origin
No
Discrimination/harassment on the grounds of religion or belief
No
98. Judicial convictions for trade union reasons in the last 5 years?
No
99. Provision of specific measures for the protection of the health and safety of female workers and in relation to age and origin from other countries
Provision of gender-differentiated protection measures
-
Provision of age-differentiated protection measures
-
Inclusion in risk assessment
-
Training and supervision in relation to age
Yes, in all company sites
Training and supervision in relation to provenance
-
100. Involvement of workers' representatives in the adoption of measures on the theme of diversity
Yes, in all company sites
Accessibility
101. Do you have a web accessibility policy?
Yes
102. Enter URL of the page on the web policy
-
103. Web site accessibility, what actions have you applied
Insertion of Tag Title and Alt in media and hypertext content (for the blind)
-
Use of correct fonts: Georgia, Times New Roman, San Serif, Verdana
-
Backgrounds with contrasting color and text
-
Character magnification with "3 A" positioning in the top right corner
-
Readable website adaptable to all new devices, from smartphones to tablets
-
104. Do you have a specific policy of job placement of people with disabilities?
-
105. If Yes, which ones?
Abatement of architectural barriers for disabled motors in every room of the 'company for full use and access to every single service
-
Dismantling of barriers for sensory disabled with tactile paths, sound signal floors, paths to the floors
-
Supply of food suitable for different food needs, including ethnic and religious ones (e.g. intolerances or allergies, celiac disease, kosher, halal, vegetarian, vegan)
-
Adoption of smart working (1) for temporary disabilities (2)
-
106. If Yes, for what type of disability?
People with motor disabilities
-
People with sensory disabilities
-
107. Adoption of training/updating programmes for disabled workers?
-
108. If Yes, how?
With qualified staff on the various disabilities with the peer-to-peer principle
-
With external experts
-
With refresher courses and information to all employees
-
109. Does your company have a policy of accessibility, work facilitation, IT tools?
-
110. If Yes for what kind of disability?
People with motor disabilities
-
People with sensory disabilities
-
111. Involvement of workers' representatives in the adoption of measures on accessibility for people with disabilities
-
112. For company meetings/meetings, what accessibility policies are in place?
Abatement of architectural barriers for disabled motors in every room of the 'company for full use and access to every single service
-
Dismantling of barriers for sensory disabled with tactile paths, sound signal floors, paths to the floors
-
Supply of food suitable for different food needs (intolerances or allergies, celiac disease, kosher, halal, vegetarian, vegan)
-
Adoption of smart working (1) for temporary disabilities (2)
-
Environment
113. Do you have an environmental policy?
Yes
114. How often are monitoring reports published?
- Non-response
- Occasional
- Biannual
- Yearly
115. Involvement in environmental risk management policies
Unilaterally
-
With the workers' representatives
-
With its main suppliers/customers
-
With administrations and civil society directly or indirectly involved
-
116. Is there significant progress in the company's environmental performance?
-
117. Environmental risk management policy applied in all the locations in which the company operates
-
118. Adoption of a Green Public Procurement system for suppliers
-
119. Adoption of measures to monitor and reduce environmental risk
-
120. Life cycle assessment analysis?
Yes
121. Adoption of measures for circular economy and efficient use of materials?
-
122. Use of eco-design and design for the recovery of materials at the end of their life?
-
123. Convictions at all levels for environmental offences over the last 5 years?
-